Multiple Ocean Stressors: A Scientific Summary for Policy Makers

Abstract

The ocean is under cumulative stress from a range of pressures at various scales – local, regional and global. This publication attempts to provide a conceptual overview of multiple ocean stressors, their controls, and potential effects, in each case supported by illustrative examples. The objective is to advance science to enable the transition from passive observation of the problem –impacts of multiple ocean stressors on marine life – to proactive engagement in finding solutions.