The International thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010: calculation and use of thermodynamic properties. [includes corrections up to 31st October 2015] .

Abstract

This document outlines how the thermodynamic properties of seawater are evaluated using the International Thermodynamic Equation Of Seawater – 2010 (TEOS-­‐‑10). This thermodynamic description of seawater is based on a Gibbs function formulation from which thermodynamic properties such as entropy, specific volume , enthalpy and potential enthalpy are calculated directly. When determined from the Gibbs function, these quantities are fully consiste nt with each other . Entropy and enthalpy are required for an accurate description of the advection and diffusion of heat in the ocean interior and for quantifying the ocean’s role in exchanging heat with the atmosphere and with ice. The Gibbs function is a function of Absolute Salinity, temperature and pressure. In contrast to Practical Salinity, Absolute Salinity i s expressed in SI units and it includes the influence of the small spatial variations of seawater composition in the global ocean. Absolute Salinity is the appropriate salinity variable for the accurate calculation of horizontal density gradients in the ocean. Absolute Salinity is also the appropriate salinity variable for the calculation of freshwater fluxes and for calculations involving the exchange of fresh water with the atmosphere and with ice . Potential functions are included for ice and for moist air, leading to accurate expressions for numerous thermodynamic properties of ice and air including freezing temperature and latent heats of melting and of evaporation. This TEOS -­‐‑10 Manual describes how the thermodynamic properties of seawater, ice and moist air are used in order to accurately represent the transport of heat in the ocean and the exchange of heat with the atmosphere and with ice.